Subscribing to Process Creation, Thread Creation and Image Load Notifications from a Kernel Driver
This is a quick lab to play with some of the interesting notifications that kernel drivers can subscribe to:
- ​
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx- notifies the driver about new processes being created, allows to kill them before they can run
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine takes two parameters:NTSTATUS PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine(
// pointer to a function to be called when a process is spawned or terminated
PCREATE_PROCESS_NOTIFY_ROUTINE NotifyRoutine,
// specifies whether to subscribe or unsubscribe from this event
BOOLEAN Remove
);
Below is a snippet that shows how the routine
sCreateProcessNotifyRoutine (line 2) gets registered for new/terminated process notifications on line 24:// handle incoming notifications about new/terminated processes
void sCreateProcessNotifyRoutine(HANDLE ppid, HANDLE pid, BOOLEAN create)
{
if (create)
{
PEPROCESS process = NULL;
PUNICODE_STRING parentProcessName = NULL, processName = NULL;
PsLookupProcessByProcessId(ppid, &process);
SeLocateProcessImageName(process, &parentProcessName);
​
PsLookupProcessByProcessId(pid, &process);
SeLocateProcessImageName(process, &processName);
​
DbgPrint("%d %wZ\n\t\t%d %wZ", ppid, parentProcessName, pid, processName);
}
else
{
DbgPrint("Process %d lost child %d", ppid, pid);
}
}
​
// register sCreateProcessNotifyRoutine function to receive notifications about new/terminated processes
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine(sCreateProcessNotifyRoutine, FALSE);
Below shows how the routine
sCreateProcessNotifyRoutine gets executed when a new process hostname.exe (PID 2892) is spawned by powershell (PID 7176). Additionally, it shows that the process 7176 (hostname) terminated:
PsSetLoadImageNotifyRoutine only takes one parameter - a pointer to a function that will handle notifications about DLLs that processes running on the system loaded:NTSTATUS PsSetLoadImageNotifyRoutine(
PLOAD_IMAGE_NOTIFY_ROUTINE NotifyRoutine
);
Below indicates that the routine
sLoadImageNotifyRoutine is going to handle our notifications as registered with PsSetLoadImageNotifyRoutine on line 14:// handle incoming notifications about module loads
void sLoadImageNotifyRoutine(PUNICODE_STRING imageName, HANDLE pid, PIMAGE_INFO imageInfo)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(imageInfo);
PEPROCESS process = NULL;
PUNICODE_STRING processName = NULL;
PsLookupProcessByProcessId(pid, &process);
SeLocateProcessImageName(process, &processName);
​
DbgPrint("%wZ (%d) loaded %wZ", processName, pid, imageName);
}
​
// register sLoadImageNotifyRoutinefunction to receive notifications new DLLs being loaded to processes
PsSetLoadImageNotifyRoutine(sLoadImageNotifyRoutine);
Testing the driver - once we open a notepad.exe, our driver gets notified about all the modules that notepad.exe loaded:
PsSetCreateThreadNotifyRoutine only takes one parameter - a pointer to a function that will handle notifications about new or killed threads across all the system processes:NTSTATUS PsSetCreateThreadNotifyRoutine(
PCREATE_THREAD_NOTIFY_ROUTINE NotifyRoutine
);
Below indicates that the routine
sCreateThreadNotifyRoutine is going to handle our notifications as registered with PsSetCreateThreadNotifyRoutine on line 15:// handle incoming notifications about new/terminated processes
void sCreateThreadNotifyRoutine(HANDLE pid, HANDLE tid, BOOLEAN create)
{
if (create)
{
DbgPrint("%d created thread %d", pid, tid);
}
else
{
DbgPrint("Thread %d of process %d exited", tid, pid);
}
}
​
// register sCreateThreadNotifyRoutine to receive notifications about thread creation / termination
PsSetCreateThreadNotifyRoutine(sCreateThreadNotifyRoutine);
Testing the driver now, we can see we are indeed geting notified about new and terminated threads across processes on our system:
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx takes two arguments:NTSTATUS PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx(
// pointer to a function to be called when a process is spawned
PCREATE_PROCESS_NOTIFY_ROUTINE_EX NotifyRoutine,
// specifies whether to subscribe or unsubscribe from this event
BOOLEAN Remove
);
Below is a snippet that shows how the routine
sCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx (line 3) gets registered for new process notifications on line 19. Processes with commandline containing notepad in them will be killed by setting the createInfo.reationStatus member to STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED (line 13):// handle incoming notifications about new/terminated processes and kill
// processes that have "notepad" in their commandline arguments
void sCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx(PEPROCESS process, HANDLE pid, PPS_CREATE_NOTIFY_INFO createInfo)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(process);
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(pid);
if (createInfo != NULL)
{
if (wcsstr(createInfo->CommandLine->Buffer, L"notepad") != NULL)
{
DbgPrint("[!] Access to launch notepad.exe was denied!");
createInfo->CreationStatus = STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED;
}
}
}
​
// subscribe sCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx to new / terminated process notifications
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx(sCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx, FALSE);
If
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx is not working in your driver, you will need to add a /integritycheck switch in your linker configuration
Below shows how an attempt to spawn notepad.exe is blocked by our driver:
Belos is the full working driver code that registers all the callback routines mentioned above:
#include <Ntifs.h>
#include <ntddk.h>
#include <wdm.h>
​
DRIVER_DISPATCH HandleCustomIOCTL;
#define IOCTL_SPOTLESS CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, 0x2049, METHOD_BUFFERED, FILE_ANY_ACCESS)
UNICODE_STRING DEVICE_NAME = RTL_CONSTANT_STRING(L"\\Device\\SpotlessDevice");
UNICODE_STRING DEVICE_SYMBOLIC_NAME = RTL_CONSTANT_STRING(L"\\??\\SpotlessDeviceLink");
​
void sCreateProcessNotifyRoutine(HANDLE ppid, HANDLE pid, BOOLEAN create)
{
if (create)
{
PEPROCESS process = NULL;
PUNICODE_STRING parentProcessName = NULL, processName = NULL;
PsLookupProcessByProcessId(ppid, &process);
SeLocateProcessImageName(process, &parentProcessName);
​
PsLookupProcessByProcessId(pid, &process);
SeLocateProcessImageName(process, &processName);
​
DbgPrint("%d %wZ\n\t\t%d %wZ", ppid, parentProcessName, pid, processName);
}
else
{
DbgPrint("Process %d lost child %d", ppid, pid);
}
}
​
void sCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx(PEPROCESS process, HANDLE pid, PPS_CREATE_NOTIFY_INFO createInfo)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(process);
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(pid);
if (createInfo != NULL)
{
if (wcsstr(createInfo->CommandLine->Buffer, L"notepad") != NULL)
{
DbgPrint("[!] Access to launch notepad.exe was denied!");
createInfo->CreationStatus = STATUS_ACCESS_DENIED;
}
}
}
​
void sLoadImageNotifyRoutine(PUNICODE_STRING imageName, HANDLE pid, PIMAGE_INFO imageInfo)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(imageInfo);
PEPROCESS process = NULL;
PUNICODE_STRING processName = NULL;
PsLookupProcessByProcessId(pid, &process);
SeLocateProcessImageName(process, &processName);
​
DbgPrint("%wZ (%d) loaded %wZ", processName, pid, imageName);
}
​
void sCreateThreadNotifyRoutine(HANDLE pid, HANDLE tid, BOOLEAN create)
{
if (create)
{
DbgPrint("%d created thread %d", pid, tid);
}
else
{
DbgPrint("Thread %d of process %d exited", tid, pid);
}
}
​
void DriverUnload(PDRIVER_OBJECT dob)
{
DbgPrint("Driver unloaded, deleting symbolic links and devices");
IoDeleteDevice(dob->DeviceObject);
IoDeleteSymbolicLink(&DEVICE_SYMBOLIC_NAME);
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine(sCreateProcessNotifyRoutine, TRUE);
PsRemoveLoadImageNotifyRoutine(sLoadImageNotifyRoutine);
PsRemoveCreateThreadNotifyRoutine(sCreateThreadNotifyRoutine);
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx(sCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx, TRUE);
}
​
NTSTATUS HandleCustomIOCTL(PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, PIRP Irp)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
PIO_STACK_LOCATION stackLocation = NULL;
CHAR *messageFromKernel = "ohai from them kernelz";
​
stackLocation = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(Irp);
if (stackLocation->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode == IOCTL_SPOTLESS)
{
DbgPrint("IOCTL_SPOTLESS (0x%x) issued", stackLocation->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode);
DbgPrint("Input received from userland: %s", (char*)Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer);
}
​
Irp->IoStatus.Information = strlen(messageFromKernel);
Irp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
DbgPrint("Sending to userland: %s", messageFromKernel);
RtlCopyMemory(Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer, messageFromKernel, strlen(Irp->AssociatedIrp.SystemBuffer));
IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
​
return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}
​
NTSTATUS MajorFunctions(PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, PIRP Irp)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
​
PIO_STACK_LOCATION stackLocation = NULL;
stackLocation = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(Irp);
​
switch (stackLocation->MajorFunction)
{
case IRP_MJ_CREATE:
DbgPrint("Handle to symbolink link %wZ opened", DEVICE_SYMBOLIC_NAME);
break;
case IRP_MJ_CLOSE:
DbgPrint("Handle to symbolink link %wZ closed", DEVICE_SYMBOLIC_NAME);
break;
default:
break;
}
Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
Irp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
​
return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}
​
NTSTATUS DriverEntry(PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, PUNICODE_STRING RegistryPath)
{
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DriverObject);
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistryPath);
NTSTATUS status = 0;
​
// routine that will execute when our driver is unloaded/service is stopped
DriverObject->DriverUnload = DriverUnload;
// routine for handling IO requests from userland
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL] = HandleCustomIOCTL;
// routines that will execute once a handle to our device's symbolik link is opened/closed
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CREATE] = MajorFunctions;
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CLOSE] = MajorFunctions;
DbgPrint("Driver loaded");
​
// subscribe to notifications
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutine(sCreateProcessNotifyRoutine, FALSE);
PsSetLoadImageNotifyRoutine(sLoadImageNotifyRoutine);
PsSetCreateThreadNotifyRoutine(sCreateThreadNotifyRoutine);
PsSetCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx(sCreateProcessNotifyRoutineEx, FALSE);
DbgPrint("Listeners isntalled..");
​
IoCreateDevice(DriverObject, 0, &DEVICE_NAME, FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN, FALSE, &DriverObject->DeviceObject);
if (!NT_SUCCESS(status))
{
DbgPrint("Could not create device %wZ", DEVICE_NAME);
}
else
{
DbgPrint("Device %wZ created", DEVICE_NAME);
}
​
status = IoCreateSymbolicLink(&DEVICE_SYMBOLIC_NAME, &DEVICE_NAME);
if (NT_SUCCESS(status))
{
DbgPrint("Symbolic link %wZ created", DEVICE_SYMBOLIC_NAME);
}
else
{
DbgPrint("Error creating symbolic link %wZ", DEVICE_SYMBOLIC_NAME);
}
return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}